Analyzing Organizational Communication Essay - 1495 Words

Analyzing Organizational Communication Communication is extremely important within an organization. To understand work and organizations in todays changing global environment, we must look both at whats going on inside the organization and at the larger culture in which an organization operates (Cheney, Christensen, Zorn, Ganesh 2011, p1). Communication enables an organization to begin a dialogue to create awareness, understanding, and appreciation for the firms strategic goals, ideally resulting in the satisfaction of the interests of both the firm and its environment (Schultz, Hatch, Larsen, Van Riel 2002) . This paper will analyze the communication effectiveness of Chickasaw Nation Industries, Inc. (CNI). CNI is†¦show more content†¦CNIs use of this type of technology allows a collaborative exchange of information between coworkers and gives full participation between the audience and presenter. Yahoo instant messenger is also used within the workspace which allows emp loyees to get immediate feedback from other employees when they are working off site and need support from team members. Blackberry telephones allow the management structure of CNI the ability to be in touch with their production / organizational teams as needed. And the use of webcams allowed the management teams from different geographical areas to communicate virtually face to face. Another valid strength of CNIs management is that they consistently deliver feedback on the performance of their subordinates through quarterly appraisals, specific achievement recognition, and annual appraisals. This type of feedback allows the individual to know what their work is having on other employees, the company, and the customer. Constructive feedback alerts an individual to an area in which his performance could improve. Constructive feedback is not criticism; it is descriptive and should always be directed to the action, not the person. The main purpose of constructive feedback is to help the employees to understand where they stand in relation to expected and / or productive job behavior. Recognition for effective performance is a powerful motivator. MostShow MoreRelatedHistory of Organizational Communication1537 Words   |  7 Pagesof the Field Reflection Paper | What is organizational communication? As a field organizational communication studies exactly what it sounds like the communication in organization. Defining the particulars of this often comes down to the researcher and the perspective that skew their opinions on the field. These subtle differences are why it takes Papa, Daniels and Spiker almost 16 pages to express their definition of their field of study. 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Living through the Narrative Antoinette’s Search for...

Jean Rhys’ Wide Sargasso Sea (1966) presents some of the complicated issues of postcolonial Caribbean society. Rhys’ protagonist, Antoinette Cosway, a white Creole in Jamaica, suffers racial antagonism, sexual exploitation and male suppression. She is a victim of a system, which not only dispossessed her from her class but also deprived her as an individual of any means of meaningful, independent survival and significance. However, Antoinette’s narrative perpetuates her agency and validates her quest for self and identity. Postcolonial Caribbean society is not able to address and enhance the expectations of the colonized people after its emancipation but lingers on and sustains in the older residues of colonial project. Emancipation does not offer a new structure, power relations and hierarchies but leaves the gaps and complications for more dangerous clashes and differences. Antoinette in Wide Sargasso Sea is not able to gain her identity and respectable recognition. Antoinette is crushed under her husband’s (an unnamed Englishman) colonial prejudice and is segregated to the status of the other. I take the liberation of calling Antoinette’s unnamed English husband Rochester from this point forward as this novel has drawn scholarly attention as a prequel to Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre. Rhys herself says that she wanted to rewrite the story of marginalized Jamaican woman, who is misrepresented and silenced by a western writer. I think it gives me a valid reason to call

Consumer Behavior on Impulsive Buying free essay sample

With the growth of e-commerce and television shopping channels, consumers have easy access to im-pulse purchasing opportunities, but little is known about this sudden, compelling, hedonically complex purchasing behavior in non-Western cultures. Yet cultural factors moderate many as-pects of consumer’s impulsive buying behavior, including self-identity, normative influences, the suppression of emotion, and the postponement of instant gratification. From a multi-country survey of consumers in Australia, United States, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia, our analyses show that both regional level factors (individualism–collectivism) and individual cul-tural difference factors (independent –interdependent self-concept) systematically influence impulsive purchasing behavior. Impulsive consumer buying behavior is a widely recognized phenomenon in the United States. It accounts for up to 80%of all purchases in certain product categories (Abrahams, 1997; Smith, 1996), and it has been suggested that purchases of new products result more from impulse purchasing than from prior planning (Sfiligoj, 1996). A1997 study found that an es-timated $4. 2 billion annual store volume was generated by impulse sales of items such as candy and magazines (Mogelonsky, 1998). Paco Underhill, author of Why We Buy: The Science of Shopping (1999), affirms that many purchases are being made on the premises of stores themselves as cus-tomers give in to their impulses. Furthermore, technologies such as television shopping channels and the Internet expand consumers’ impulse purchasing opportunities, increasing both the accessibility to products and services and the ease with which impulse purchases can be made. Impulsive buying behavior is a sudden, compelling, hedonically complex purchasing behavior in which the rapid-ity of the impulse purchase decision process precludes thoughtful, deliberate consideration of all information and choice alternatives (Bayley Nancorrow, 1998; Rook 1987; Thompson, Locander, Pollio, 1990; Weinberg Gottwald, 1982). This description is largely based on interviews and surveys of Westerners. The growth of e-commerce and the increasing con-sumer- orientation of many societies around the world offer expanding occasions for impulse purchasing, but little is known about impulsive buying behavior in non-Western so-cieties. Most of the research on impulse buying focuses on consumers in the United States. A few studies have looked at consumers in Great Britain (Bayley Nancarrow, 1998; Dittmar, Beattie, Friese, 1995; McConatha, Lightner, Deaner, 1994), and South Africa (Abratt Goodey, 1990) and have found that United States consumers tend to be more impulsive than comparable British and South African sam-ples. However, none of these studies examined explicitly the effect of cultural factors on impulse buying behavior. A recent special issue of the Journal of Consumer Psy-chology dealt with cultural issues demonstrating the growing interest in cultural differences in consumer behavior and highlighted the importance of understanding the cultural con-text of consumer behavior in an increasing globalized mar-ketplace (Maheswaran Shavitt, 2000). We believe that JOURNAL OF CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY, 12(2), 163–176 Copyright  © 2002, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Requests for reprints shoul d be sent to Jacqueline J. Kacen, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, 1206 S. Sixth Street, Champaign, IL 61820. Email: [emailprotected] edu IMPULSE BUYING Impulse buying is defined as â€Å"an unplanned purchase† that ischaracterized by â€Å"(1) relatively rapid decision-making, and (2) a subjective bias in favor of immediate possession† (Rook Gardner, 1993, p. 3; see also Rook, 1987; Rook Hoch, 1985). It is described as more arousing, less deliberate, and more irresistible buying behavior compared to planned pur-chasing behavior. Highly impulsive buyers are likely to be unreflective in their thinking, to be emotionally attracted to the object, and to desire immediate gratification (Hoch Loewenstein, 1991; Thompson et al. , 1990). These consum-ers often pay little attention to potential negative conse-quences that may result from their actions (Hoch Loewenstein, 1991; Rook, 1987; see also O’Guinn Faber,1989). Previous research conducted in the United States and Great Britain (individualist cultures) has shown that many factors influence impulsive buying behavior: the consumer’s mood or emotional state (Donovan, Rossiter, Marcoolyn, Nesdale, 1994; Rook, 1987; Rook Gardner, 1993: Wein-berg Gottwald, 1982), trait buying impulsiveness (Puri, 1996; Rook Fisher, 1995; Weun, Jones, Beatty, 1998), normative evaluation of the appropriateness of engaging in impulse buying (Rook Fisher, 1995), self-identity (Dittmar et al. , 1995), and demographic factors, such as age (e. g. Bellenger, Robertson, Hirschman, 1978; Wood, 1998). Several studies demonstrate the effect of consumers’ moods and affective states on impulsive buying behavior. Rook and Gardner (1993) found that consumers’ positive moods were more conducive to impulsive buying than nega-tive moods, although impulse buying occurred under both types of moods. Beatty and Ferrell (1998) also found that a consumer’s positive mood was associated with the urge to buy impulsively, while the impulse buyers in Weinberg and Gottwald’s (1982) study were more â€Å"emotionalized† than nonbuyers. Donovan et al. 1994) discovered a positive asso-ciation between consumers’ feelings of pleasure in the shopping environment and impulse buying behavior. In each ofthese studies, pleasurable feelings led to increased unplanned spending. Cognitive, clinical, social, developmental, and consumer psychologists have studied the general trait of impulsiveness and impulse control (Eysenck Eysenck, 1978; Eysenck, Pearson, Easting, Allsopp, 1985; Helmers, Young, Pihl, 1995; Hilgard, 1962; Logue Chavarro, 1992; Logue, King,Cavarro, Volpe, 1990; Mischel, 1961; Puri, 1996; Rawlings, Boldero, Wiseman, 1995; Rook Fisher, 1995; Weun et al. 1998). Trait impulsiveness is characterized by unreflective actions (Eysenck et al. , 1985) and is si gnificantly correlated with thrill-seeking (Weun et al. , 1998), and the psychological need to maintain a relatively high level of stim-ulation (Gerbing, Ahadi, Patton, 1987). Rook and Fisher (1995) recently developed a nine-item measure of trait buy-ing impulsiveness that was significantly correlated with im-pulse buying behavior. In addition, they found that consumers’ normative evaluation of the appropriateness of engaging in impulse buying in a particular situation moder-ates an individual’s trait impulsiveness. Specifically, when consumers believe that impulse purchasing is socially accept-able, they act on their impulsive tendencies, but when it is so-cially unacceptable these tendencies may be thwarted. The literature on compulsive shopping (Elliot, 1994), self-gifts (Mick, DeMoss, Faber, 1992), and impulse pur-chases (Dittmar et al. , 1995) highlights the role of perceived social image and the expression of self-identity in the pur-chase decision. Dittmar et al. 1995) hypothesized that im-pulse purchases were more likely to be items that symbolize the preferred or ideal self and as such should be affected by social categories such as gender. They argued that women value their possessions for emotional and relationship-ori-ented reasons, whereas men value their possessions for func-tional and instrumental reasons. The results of the study supported their hypothesis: Men reported more personal (in-dependent) identity reasons for their purchases whereas women reported more social (relation al) identity reasons. An individual’s impulsive behavior tendencies have also been related to demographic characteristics such as a con-sumer’s age. Based on a national sample of adults in the United States, Wood (1998) found an inverse relationship be-tween age and impulse buying overall. However, the relation-ship is non-monotonic — between the ages of 18 and 39 impulse buying increases slightly and thereafter declines. This is consistent with Bellenger et al. (1978) who found that shoppers under 35 were more prone to impulse buying com-pared to those over 35 years old. Research on trait impulsive-ness indicates that younger individuals score higher on measures of impulsivity compared to older people (Eysenck et al. , 1985; Helmers et al. , 1995; Rawlings et al. , 1995) and demonstrate less self-control than adults (Logue Chavarro, 1992). Because impulsiveness is linked to emotional arousal, this finding concerning the relationship between age and im-pulsiveness is consistent with studies of emotions and emo.

Literature Review of Recruitment and Selection in International Human Resource Management Essay Example

Literature Review of Recruitment and Selection in International Human Resource Management Paper Literature review of Recruitment and Selection in International Human Resource Management Introduction Staffing is one of the main functions on Human Resource Management, refer to International Human Resource Management perspective, staffing will be more important on the managing by the headquartered company to their subsidiaries in order to gain more competitive advantage for them. As a company want to achieve the mind of globalization, they must choose a suitable staffing approach in order to doing business successfully not only in the domestic also in the international environment. Maral Muratbekova-Touron (2008) stated that â€Å"One of the main issues facing the development of the global companies has always been to find the right balance between the local autonomy between subsidiaries and the control of the corporate headquarters. †, it related to how the company recruit and select their staffs in their subsidiaries. In the present paper will concentrate on the international staffing approaches in global companies, and there has four different approaches to managing and staffing their international subsidiaries. The following literature reviews will attempt to explain that four approaches and point out what is the advantage and disadvantage of each approach in the internationalization process of the company. Approaches to Managing and Staffing Global Subsidiaries In research text book by Ball, et al. (2008), it was explained these four approaches in detail, they are Ethnocentric approach, Polycentric approach, Geocentric approach and Regiocentric Approach. Ethnocentric approach is related to the company employing and promoting the Parent-country nationals (PCNs) in their subsidiaries which the employee are the citizen of the nation in the parent company; Polycentric approach is related to employing and promoting the Host-country nationals (HCNs) in their subsidiaries which the employees are the citizen of the nation in the operating subsidiaries; Geocentric approach is related to the company employing and promoting the employees base on their ability and experience, this approach can refer the ompany select the best person for the job without any consideration of the citizenship; and Regiocentric approach is related to the company employing and promoting the employees which they are the citizen on the basis of the specific region in the operating subsidiaries, it can be HCNs or Third-country nationals (TCNs) which the employees are the citizen of neither the parent company nation nor the host country. Ball, et al. 2008) Ethnocentric ap proach refer to the staffing policy base on the PCNs, therefore the clear advantages come up immediately for the headquarters are the communication and control, the PCNs are familiar the policies and practices or working-style of the headquarters, or the PCN staff was training in the headquarters already. (Ball, et al. 2008) We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review of Recruitment and Selection in International Human Resource Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review of Recruitment and Selection in International Human Resource Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review of Recruitment and Selection in International Human Resource Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As Kathy Monks, et al. 2001) stated â€Å"In the very early stages of internationalization, the staffing policies of the majority were largely ethnocentric in character, an approach which is relatively common at this stage in the internationalization process where a company is setting up a new business process or product in another country, and knowledge of the company’s culture and reporting systems is considered essential†, it shows the Ethnocentric approach are common at the early stage of internationalization process in the multinational or transnational companies, because the controlling and communicating is very important at that stage, therefore, the companies would like to employ the PCNs in order to fully control their subsidiaries at the early stage of internationalization process. Another reason also make Ethnocentric approach are common at the internationalization process is the cost of the company. As Brewster (1988, pg. 18 ) noted, â€Å"Despite the impor tance of expatriate positions, the high costs associated with expatriation and the extensive and largely non-productive â€Å"running-in† periods, it is still the case that most organizations provide no formal training for expatriation†. Overall Ethnocentric approach implies a centralized system with authority high at headquarters with much communication in the form of orders, commands, and advice. Standards for evaluation and control will also be determined centrally and with low pressures for cost reduction and low pressure for local (subsidiary) responsiveness. But the disadvantages of Ethnocentric approach such as the PCNs have language barriers or they have different culture background with the local (subsidiary) customer, it may result a high cost training in long term or the PCNs may not familiar the positions or demands of the local (subsidiary) marketplace. (Ball, et al. 2008; Norma D’Annunzio-Green, 1997) Polycentric approach refer to the staffing policy base on the HCNs, as Christoph Dorrenbacher, et al. (2010) stated â€Å"HCNs on the other hand are seen as basically having a local (subsidiary) orientation, due to their socialization in the host country and their familiarity with the social, political and economic environment of the host country† It can show Polycentric approach provide a high level of local responsiveness in the subsidiaries. It can be prove by another research article, Norma D’Annunzio-Green (1997) also stated â€Å"Polycentric approach implies a widely dispersed authority, little communication between headquarters and subsidiary, and standards for evaluation and control mostly determined locally. There for the less control and order from the headquarters to the subsidiary will be made, the subsidiary also start to be independent in their local area, that mean the company start to doing well and the business is stable in the local (subsidiary) area. The Polycentric approach also has other advantages such as reduce the cost of the local (subsidiary) training programs, and the headquarters will get more information or hints of the local (subsidiary) market development or competition. But according to the non-close relationships between the headquarters and subsidiaries, the subsidiaries are often unfamiliar with the headquarters’ corporate culture, policies and practices. (Ball, et al. 2008) Geocentric approach refer to the staffing policy base on the ability of the staffs, no matter where are they come from, Banai (1999) stated †The geocentric staffing policy seeks the best people for key jobs throughout the organization regardless of their nationality† And Norma D’Annunzio-Green (1997) also stated â€Å"The geocentric ideal involves more integration between centre and subsidiaries to ensure close co-operation between the different parts of the organization, and implementing both universal and local standards for evaluation and control. †It point out the Geocentric approach can bring a lots of different experience and different corporation practices rom the staffs, through these different experience and corporation, the firm can has a better performance in the international co-operation of the company and it also facilitates the development of an international team, and the international team can fully managing the local subsidiary, and they ca n managing the other subsidiary in different area. But Geocentric approach may cost more (both on money and time) on the training or other issue such as working permit. (Ball, et al. 2008) Timothy Dean Keeley (2001) gave a very good conclusion of the Geocentric approach, he noted â€Å"Geocentric firms seek to co-ordinate decision-making among the subsidiaries and headquarters. The organization is balanced between centralized and decentralized in order to effectively and efficiently employ all types of resources on a global basis. † Therefore the subsidiary can be considered as more independent in the international market which managing by the international team. Regiocentric approach refer to the staffing policy base on the region of the subsidiaries, it is without consideration of the nations of citizenship. Therefore it can be HCNs or TCNs and it has similar function of the Geocentric approach. Farrokh Safavi (1991) stated â€Å"A regiocentric orientation has assumed that management development needs within a geographic region are sufficiently similar for application of a unified approach, but different from the needs of other regions. † And the Ball, et al. (2008) point out a disadvantage of the regiocentric, he stated â€Å"The disadvantages often encountered when using employees from the home or host country can sometimes be avoided by sending third country nationals (TCNs) to fill management posts. In the International Human Resource Management, Regiocentric approach is slightly similar with the Geocentric approach, but the Regiocentric approach is limit to consider on the local region and the Geocentric approach is more consider on the global basis. Conclusion Overall the literature reviews above, the different staffing approach was give different effect in the internationalization process of the company, but we can find out, the different approach can apply in the different stage of the company. The Ethnocentric approach refer to the early stage of the internationalization process, because during the early stage, the company need a fully control of the subsidiaries, and they need the subsidiaries fully achieve the order from the headquarters, therefore, the ethnocentric approach will suitable in the early stage of the internationalization process. After the early stage, the company want to increase the competitive advantage of the subsidiaries, therefore, the polycentric approach can increase the local responsiveness and they need to have better knowledge of the local marketplace, so the polycentric approach will suitable in this middle stage; In the finally stage, the company want to have both function from the ethnocentric approach and the polycentric, they need to complete the internationalization process in order to become a global company, therefore the geocentric approach and regiocentric approach will apply in this stage, it can help to company to develop an international team to manage all the subsidiaries of the company. It can prove by James Kelly, as she stated in the article â€Å"companies become more international they usually develop from ethnocentric to polycentric and finally geocentric or regiocentric staffing and development policy†. Therefore the geocentric and Regiocentric can be consider as a expan sion of the polycentric approach. Literature Review of Recruitment and Selection in International Human Resource Management Essay Example Literature Review of Recruitment and Selection in International Human Resource Management Essay Literature review of Recruitment and Selection in International Human Resource Management Introduction Staffing is one of the main functions on Human Resource Management, refer to International Human Resource Management perspective, staffing will be more important on the managing by the headquartered company to their subsidiaries in order to gain more competitive advantage for them. As a company want to achieve the mind of globalization, they must choose a suitable staffing approach in order to doing business successfully not only in the domestic also in the international environment. Maral Muratbekova-Touron (2008) stated that â€Å"One of the main issues facing the development of the global companies has always been to find the right balance between the local autonomy between subsidiaries and the control of the corporate headquarters. †, it related to how the company recruit and select their staffs in their subsidiaries. In the present paper will concentrate on the international staffing approaches in global companies, and there has four different approaches to managing and staffing their international subsidiaries. The following literature reviews will attempt to explain that four approaches and point out what is the advantage and disadvantage of each approach in the internationalization process of the company. Approaches to Managing and Staffing Global Subsidiaries In research text book by Ball, et al. (2008), it was explained these four approaches in detail, they are Ethnocentric approach, Polycentric approach, Geocentric approach and Regiocentric Approach. Ethnocentric approach is related to the company employing and promoting the Parent-country nationals (PCNs) in their subsidiaries which the employee are the citizen of the nation in the parent company; Polycentric approach is related to employing and promoting the Host-country nationals (HCNs) in their subsidiaries which the employees are the citizen of the nation in the operating subsidiaries; Geocentric approach is related to the company employing and promoting the employees base on their ability and experience, this approach can refer the ompany select the best person for the job without any consideration of the citizenship; and Regiocentric approach is related to the company employing and promoting the employees which they are the citizen on the basis of the specific region in the operating subsidiaries, it can be HCNs or Third-country nationals (TCNs) which the employees are the citizen of neither the parent company nation nor the host country. Ball, et al. 2008) Ethnocentric ap proach refer to the staffing policy base on the PCNs, therefore the clear advantages come up immediately for the headquarters are the communication and control, the PCNs are familiar the policies and practices or working-style of the headquarters, or the PCN staff was training in the headquarters already. (Ball, et al. 2008) We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review of Recruitment and Selection in International Human Resource Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review of Recruitment and Selection in International Human Resource Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review of Recruitment and Selection in International Human Resource Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As Kathy Monks, et al. 2001) stated â€Å"In the very early stages of internationalization, the staffing policies of the majority were largely ethnocentric in character, an approach which is relatively common at this stage in the internationalization process where a company is setting up a new business process or product in another country, and knowledge of the company’s culture and reporting systems is considered essential†, it shows the Ethnocentric approach are common at the early stage of internationalization process in the multinational or transnational companies, because the controlling and communicating is very important at that stage, therefore, the companies would like to employ the PCNs in order to fully control their subsidiaries at the early stage of internationalization process. Another reason also make Ethnocentric approach are common at the internationalization process is the cost of the company. As Brewster (1988, pg. 18 ) noted, â€Å"Despite the impor tance of expatriate positions, the high costs associated with expatriation and the extensive and largely non-productive â€Å"running-in† periods, it is still the case that most organizations provide no formal training for expatriation†. Overall Ethnocentric approach implies a centralized system with authority high at headquarters with much communication in the form of orders, commands, and advice. Standards for evaluation and control will also be determined centrally and with low pressures for cost reduction and low pressure for local (subsidiary) responsiveness. But the disadvantages of Ethnocentric approach such as the PCNs have language barriers or they have different culture background with the local (subsidiary) customer, it may result a high cost training in long term or the PCNs may not familiar the positions or demands of the local (subsidiary) marketplace. (Ball, et al. 2008; Norma D’Annunzio-Green, 1997) Polycentric approach refer to the staffing policy base on the HCNs, as Christoph Dorrenbacher, et al. (2010) stated â€Å"HCNs on the other hand are seen as basically having a local (subsidiary) orientation, due to their socialization in the host country and their familiarity with the social, political and economic environment of the host country† It can show Polycentric approach provide a high level of local responsiveness in the subsidiaries. It can be prove by another research article, Norma D’Annunzio-Green (1997) also stated â€Å"Polycentric approach implies a widely dispersed authority, little communication between headquarters and subsidiary, and standards for evaluation and control mostly determined locally. There for the less control and order from the headquarters to the subsidiary will be made, the subsidiary also start to be independent in their local area, that mean the company start to doing well and the business is stable in the local (subsidiary) area. The Polycentric approach also has other advantages such as reduce the cost of the local (subsidiary) training programs, and the headquarters will get more information or hints of the local (subsidiary) market development or competition. But according to the non-close relationships between the headquarters and subsidiaries, the subsidiaries are often unfamiliar with the headquarters’ corporate culture, policies and practices. (Ball, et al. 2008) Geocentric approach refer to the staffing policy base on the ability of the staffs, no matter where are they come from, Banai (1999) stated †The geocentric staffing policy seeks the best people for key jobs throughout the organization regardless of their nationality† And Norma D’Annunzio-Green (1997) also stated â€Å"The geocentric ideal involves more integration between centre and subsidiaries to ensure close co-operation between the different parts of the organization, and implementing both universal and local standards for evaluation and control. †It point out the Geocentric approach can bring a lots of different experience and different corporation practices rom the staffs, through these different experience and corporation, the firm can has a better performance in the international co-operation of the company and it also facilitates the development of an international team, and the international team can fully managing the local subsidiary, and they ca n managing the other subsidiary in different area. But Geocentric approach may cost more (both on money and time) on the training or other issue such as working permit. (Ball, et al. 2008) Timothy Dean Keeley (2001) gave a very good conclusion of the Geocentric approach, he noted â€Å"Geocentric firms seek to co-ordinate decision-making among the subsidiaries and headquarters. The organization is balanced between centralized and decentralized in order to effectively and efficiently employ all types of resources on a global basis. † Therefore the subsidiary can be considered as more independent in the international market which managing by the international team. Regiocentric approach refer to the staffing policy base on the region of the subsidiaries, it is without consideration of the nations of citizenship. Therefore it can be HCNs or TCNs and it has similar function of the Geocentric approach. Farrokh Safavi (1991) stated â€Å"A regiocentric orientation has assumed that management development needs within a geographic region are sufficiently similar for application of a unified approach, but different from the needs of other regions. † And the Ball, et al. (2008) point out a disadvantage of the regiocentric, he stated â€Å"The disadvantages often encountered when using employees from the home or host country can sometimes be avoided by sending third country nationals (TCNs) to fill management posts. In the International Human Resource Management, Regiocentric approach is slightly similar with the Geocentric approach, but the Regiocentric approach is limit to consider on the local region and the Geocentric approach is more consider on the global basis. Conclusion Overall the literature reviews above, the different staffing approach was give different effect in the internationalization process of the company, but we can find out, the different approach can apply in the different stage of the company. The Ethnocentric approach refer to the early stage of the internationalization process, because during the early stage, the company need a fully control of the subsidiaries, and they need the subsidiaries fully achieve the order from the headquarters, therefore, the ethnocentric approach will suitable in the early stage of the internationalization process. After the early stage, the company want to increase the competitive advantage of the subsidiaries, therefore, the polycentric approach can increase the local responsiveness and they need to have better knowledge of the local marketplace, so the polycentric approach will suitable in this middle stage; In the finally stage, the company want to have both function from the ethnocentric approach and the polycentric, they need to complete the internationalization process in order to become a global company, therefore the geocentric approach and regiocentric approach will apply in this stage, it can help to company to develop an international team to manage all the subsidiaries of the company. It can prove by James Kelly, as she stated in the article â€Å"companies become more international they usually develop from ethnocentric to polycentric and finally geocentric or regiocentric staffing and development policy†. Therefore the geocentric and Regiocentric can be consider as a expan sion of the polycentric approach.

Free Essays on Handmaids Tale Analysis

â€Å"The Vulnerability that Comes Along with War† War and political conflict can affect the human body to a self-destructive point. In Michael Ondaatje’s The English Patient and Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaids Tale we see traces of the effects of political conflicts and war on the characters. The main characters in the novels have experienced fragmentation of the body and identity as well as isolating themselves from the society surrounding them. Caravaggio, Hana, Almasy, Offred, and the Commander all have the same emotional and psychological characteristics of vulnerability. The fragmentation of the body is demonstrated through imagery in Ondaatje’s The English Patient and Atwood’s The Handmaids Tale. A person experiencing any sort of conflict automatically pulls himself or herself away from the source of pain, whether it is emotional or physical. In The English Patient, the effect of war is especially seen on Almasy’s body. â€Å"There is a face, but it is unrecognizable† and he has forgotten who he is, because he has pulled away from society (Ondaatje 28). Almasy’s body is a story of his anguish through the conflicts of nations at war; from being the enemy of one country to then becoming it’s ally, from gaining the understanding of love to the loosing it before he completely understood it. Hana also has been affected emotionally and physically by the war. â€Å"When he had first seen her after all this time she had looked taunt†¦Her body had been in a war and, as in love, it had used every part of i tself† to detach herself from what was happening around her and focusing on her patient, Almasy (Ondaatje 81). Caravaggio on the other hand was physically fragmented through the war and political conflicts surrounding them. His thumbs were removed because he was a thief of the enemy. The enemy thought that this would be a lesson well learned, but Caravaggio still a thief in the end. He doped Almasy on mor... Free Essays on Handmaids Tale Analysis Free Essays on Handmaids Tale Analysis â€Å"The Vulnerability that Comes Along with War† War and political conflict can affect the human body to a self-destructive point. In Michael Ondaatje’s The English Patient and Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaids Tale we see traces of the effects of political conflicts and war on the characters. The main characters in the novels have experienced fragmentation of the body and identity as well as isolating themselves from the society surrounding them. Caravaggio, Hana, Almasy, Offred, and the Commander all have the same emotional and psychological characteristics of vulnerability. The fragmentation of the body is demonstrated through imagery in Ondaatje’s The English Patient and Atwood’s The Handmaids Tale. A person experiencing any sort of conflict automatically pulls himself or herself away from the source of pain, whether it is emotional or physical. In The English Patient, the effect of war is especially seen on Almasy’s body. â€Å"There is a face, but it is unrecognizable† and he has forgotten who he is, because he has pulled away from society (Ondaatje 28). Almasy’s body is a story of his anguish through the conflicts of nations at war; from being the enemy of one country to then becoming it’s ally, from gaining the understanding of love to the loosing it before he completely understood it. Hana also has been affected emotionally and physically by the war. â€Å"When he had first seen her after all this time she had looked taunt†¦Her body had been in a war and, as in love, it had used every part of i tself† to detach herself from what was happening around her and focusing on her patient, Almasy (Ondaatje 81). Caravaggio on the other hand was physically fragmented through the war and political conflicts surrounding them. His thumbs were removed because he was a thief of the enemy. The enemy thought that this would be a lesson well learned, but Caravaggio still a thief in the end. He doped Almasy on mor...

Free Essays on Population Disaster

Population Disaster? The People’s Republic of China is a vastly populated country. The inhabitants of the country make up approximately twenty percent of the world’s population. For nearly 2,000 years, the population of China fluctuated between 60,000,000 and 110,000,000. When the People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949, the population was approximately 540,000,000. Within three decades, the population had increased to over 800,000,000. During the next three decades the population is expected to increase by over 260,000,000. Although this is not as tremendous an increase as in the first thirty years of the country, this number is equivalent to the total population of the United States. This increase is driven by the high fertility rates of the 1950’s and 1960’s, which averaged between 5.6 and 6.3 children per woman. During the 1970’s and 1980’s the fertility rate dropped to around 1.8 children per woman. Even though the fertility rate has dropped, the population will continue to experience tremendous growth because of the large number of young adults of reproductive age. The United Nations Population Division estimates that China’s population will grow to 1,490,000,000 by 2025, but will decrease slightly to 1,480,000,000 by 2050. This decline is a result of China’s government enforced one-child policy. Some 58,000 children are born every day in China, which averages out to 20,000,000 births each year. This number would be much higher if not for the one-child policy. Pregnancies must be authorized and women must obtain a birth coupon before conception. Couples who do not follow these procedures have fines imposed upon them, sometimes amounting to more than what they would earn in an entire year. This one-child policy has also resulted in the mass murder of infant girls. Many female fetuses are aborted because of the strong preference for boys in the country. Upon birth, girls are routinely... Free Essays on Population Disaster Free Essays on Population Disaster Population Disaster? The People’s Republic of China is a vastly populated country. The inhabitants of the country make up approximately twenty percent of the world’s population. For nearly 2,000 years, the population of China fluctuated between 60,000,000 and 110,000,000. When the People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949, the population was approximately 540,000,000. Within three decades, the population had increased to over 800,000,000. During the next three decades the population is expected to increase by over 260,000,000. Although this is not as tremendous an increase as in the first thirty years of the country, this number is equivalent to the total population of the United States. This increase is driven by the high fertility rates of the 1950’s and 1960’s, which averaged between 5.6 and 6.3 children per woman. During the 1970’s and 1980’s the fertility rate dropped to around 1.8 children per woman. Even though the fertility rate has dropped, the population will continue to experience tremendous growth because of the large number of young adults of reproductive age. The United Nations Population Division estimates that China’s population will grow to 1,490,000,000 by 2025, but will decrease slightly to 1,480,000,000 by 2050. This decline is a result of China’s government enforced one-child policy. Some 58,000 children are born every day in China, which averages out to 20,000,000 births each year. This number would be much higher if not for the one-child policy. Pregnancies must be authorized and women must obtain a birth coupon before conception. Couples who do not follow these procedures have fines imposed upon them, sometimes amounting to more than what they would earn in an entire year. This one-child policy has also resulted in the mass murder of infant girls. Many female fetuses are aborted because of the strong preference for boys in the country. Upon birth, girls are routinely...

Marine Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marine Pollution - Essay Example VI. Conclusion A. Marine pollution is a significant and complex problem whose consequences extend far beyond marine environments. B. Marine pollution adversely impacts human health and coastal economies. Ours is a water planet with the implication being, as R.B. Clark insists, that the health of our environment is intimately connected to the health of our waterways, oceans and seas (Clark, p. 185). Numerous environmentalists and scientists, as Hertsgaard emphasizes, have confirmed the aforementioned, insisting that marine pollution directly impinges upon the health and long-term survival of our planet (Hertsgaard, pp. 7-8). Should that be the case, then our planet appears to be in dire straits as levels of marine pollution escalate and continue to reach alarming levels largely due to oil pollution. Oil pollution poses a serious threat to the marine environment, hence to our planet, with available evidence indicating that it destroys the marine ecosystem, negatively impinges upon human health and deleteriously impacts the economy of surrounding regions. Environmentalists and marine scientists maintain the impossibility of exaggerating the negative impact of oil pollution on marine environments. As Professor R.B. Clark explains, "Oil pollution may take the form of hazards to human health, interference with human activities, reduction of human amenities, or harmful effects on living resources" (Clark, p. 185). Concurring with the stated, Kildrow explains that oil pollution impacts marine environments through three distinct ways. The first is through the overseas transportation of oil. The second is through transportation accidents. The third is through the offshore extraction and...7-8). Should that be the case, then our planet appears to be in dire straits as levels of marine pollution escalate and continue to reach alarming levels largely due to oil pollution. Oil pollution poses a serious threat to the marine environment, hence to our planet, with available evidence indicating that it destroys the marine ecosystem, negatively impin ges upon human health and deleteriously impacts the economy of surrounding regions. Environmentalists and marine scientists maintain the impossibility of exaggerating the negative impact of oil pollution on marine environments. As Professor R.B. Clark explains, "Oil pollution may take the form of hazards to human health, interference with human activities, reduction of human amenities, or harmful effects on living resources" (Clark, p. 185). Concurring with the stated, Kildrow explains that oil pollution impacts marine environments through three distinct ways. The first is through the overseas transportation of oil. The second is through transportation accidents. The third is through the offshore extraction and excavation of fossil fuels (Kildrow). In other ways, three distinct human activities function to expose marine environments to oil pollution. Oil pollution has both short and long-term

The right to privacy for self and business Research Paper

The right to privacy for self and business - Research Paper Example The privacy rights are usually balance by the interests of the nation or state so that the regulations are consistent (especially in the promotion of safety of the public, as well as the improvement of the quality of life (Ribstein Para 4). The context and boundary of what is perceived private depend on individuals though common themes tend to be shared across the board. Suppose something or an issue is perceived private to an individual or a group then that issue or something is inherently sensitive or special to them. In the United States, privacy laws encompass numerous varieties of legal concepts. One of these concepts is the privacy invasion (Roger and Gaylord 103). A tort in reference to the common laws provide the platform for which the party that is aggrieved to file a lawsuit against a person or individuals who intrude affairs considered private by disclosure of information deemed private. In addition, it provides protection for individual’s private information and pu blic falsification. However, the public figures usually have less privacy. The laws pertaining, privacy rights advocates for individuals to be left alone. However, it exempts matter or issues that are deemed personal or those activities that tend to generate the interest of the public. An example is the case of celebrities. The invasion of privacy rights provides the ground for lawsuit against individuals or groups violating or infringing the right. Moreover, the fourth amendment stipulates the right to protection from search that is unwarranted while the first advocates for the assembly freedom. The Supreme Court is mandated with the responsibility of protecting privacy rights within the US. Various amendments to the constitution of the US have been employed in the numerous ranges of success in the determination of rights to autonomy of individuals. The first or initial amendment provides protection of privacy

Scholarship Letter To Students Essay Example for Free

Scholarship Letter To Students Essay The Association of University of Puerto Rico Alumni and Friends Abroad (UPRAA) invites you to apply for the UPRAA Scholarship and congratulates you for your efforts in pursuing your studies. The UPRAA Scholarship Fund will award Hispanic students who have demonstrated academic merit, commitment to public service, and financia1 need up to a maximum of $1,000 per academic year to help cover tuition cost for graduate or undergraduate studies. Please visit our website at www. upraa. org to download the application form, eligibility  requirements and important dates related to our Scholarships program. See more: how to start a scholarship essay To ensure your application receives full consideration, read the information included in the scholarship package carefully, follow the application instructions and include ALL required documents including original signature for applicable documents by the due date on Wednesday, April 15,2015. UPRAA is an organization created to establish a network of University of Puerto Rico (UPR) Alumni in the Continental U. S. and abroad, develop and conduct programs and initiatives  for the benefit of the UPR alumni, and support the educational goals of the UPR system. The Association will serve as a link between UPR alumni abroad and the UPR system and work towards promoting opportunities and creating a support network for the alumni. Thank you for your interest and good luck!! Alida Rodriguez Chairperson, UPRAA Scholarship Committee 2015 UPRAA Association of the University of Puerto Rico Alumni and Friends Abroad P. O. Box 2600 Merrifield, VA 221 16-2600 Website: www. uDraa. org.

Painful realities :: English Literature:

Painful realities Poetry creates awareness of painful realities. This can be appreciated in particular to war poetry where generally it is the aim of the poet to educate people on the horrific events that take place during the bleak years on the battlefields. The painful realities are expressed through metaphors, similes, specific tone of language and mood. Furthermore, poets use tempo, reflections and questions in their writing in order to express their feelings and what war is essentially about. In order to study at how poetry creates awareness, four poems will be considered. These are War, Chick Martin Dulce et Decorum Est, Wilfred Owen Grenade, Francis Scarfe Bombardment, D H Lawrence In the first poem, it is evident that painful realities are created through the author’s use of descriptive language and his ability to describe the scenes on the battle fields and the impacts later. There is no regular structure to the poem although there is a reoccurring line at the conclusion of each stanza; War is war, nothing more. This is the basis to the poem, explaining to readers that war is as it appears. It is as the gruesome scenes of violence, death and pain. There are The erratic shorter versus increase the intensity Dulce et Decorum Est creates the realities through careful structure. After describing how the soldiers, trudged through the mud, â€Å"blood shod and drunk with fatigue,† it then describes the gas bombs. With clever use of metaphor, the green gas becomes a misty sea where soldiers drown as their lungs are burnt. Owen then concludes his poem, questioning the government, questioning Jessie Pope and questioning the world that so ruthlessly lied to young men, forcing them to enlist. He questions the old adage, ‘dulce et decorum est pro patria mori,’ (it is sweet and fitting to die for one’s country.) The realities are so well depicted in this poem by Owen through the choice of punctuation and use of reflection. Exclamation marks are employed, exemplifying the intensity of the cries of the soldiers and how they tried to warn each other of the green sea. Owen is able to

Obamacare Current Event Essay

The article talks about â€Å"What was sold to the American people as the greatest reform of the U.S. healthcare system in our history is turning out to be the biggest contributing factor destroying the greatest economy in the history of the planet.† In addition the article is talking about how employers are being forced to cut full time people and make them part time. Also it talks about how that it is not the employers fault it is just that some corporations just have to many employees to where they cannot afford to insure everyone so that being said many employers are cutting people from full time to part time which is better than laying people off and keeping less employees and provide them with health insurance. Personally I dislike this entire Obamacare idea it is narrowing the amount of jobs that teens are able to have even smaller. Also I am currently working at Meijer in Portage and I have been trying to keep up with the news and about a few weeks ago after Obamacare started to take effect in businesses I realized that they had starting cutting everyone’s hours at my place of employment. After I noticed that I started to spread the word to my fellow employees because some of them have families and have to support them with their job, so after I told them many of the workers searched for different jobs. Also I have been hearing a lot of talk about how that there will be no middle class and that there will be only an upper and lower class. People don’t realize that the Obamacare plan is increasing that gap tremendously because it is causing people with good jobs to make less because their employer cannot afford to insure them with the Obamacare. In addition while people are being part time it is cause people to go out and get jobs that they are way over qualified for just to support their families. Since Obamacare is a national government order that has taken place the promotion and marketing of it is phenomenal. Even though I consider it to be pretty terrible, the way that it has been marketed that it was going to be this great plan that would help people that didn’t have health care was great. It got people excited but them not knowing what it would cost them in the long run.

Babe Ruth

In Baltimore, Maryland to parents George Sr. and Kate. George Jr. was one of eight children, although only he and his sister Marnie survived. George Jr. ‘s parents worked long hours. leaving little time to watch over him and his sister. The lack of parental guidance allowed George Jr. to become a bit unruly, often skipping school and causing trouble In the neighborhood. When George Jr. turned 7 years old, his parents realized he needed a stricter environment and therefore sent him to the St. Marys Industrial School forBoys, a school run by Catholic monks from an order of the Xaverian Brothers. St. Marys provided a strict and regimented environment that helped shape George Jr. ‘s future. Not only did George Jr. learn vocational skills, but he developed a passion and love for the game of baseball. Brother Matthias, one of the monks at St. Mary's, took an instant liking to George Jr. and became a positive role model and father-like figure to George Jr. while at St. Marys. Br other Matthias also happened to help George Jr. refine his baseball skills, working tirelessly with him on hitting, fielding and pitching skills.George Jr. became so good at baseball that the Brothers invited Jack Dunn, owner of the Baltimore Orioles, to come watch George Jr. play. Dunn was obviously impressed, as he offered a contract to George Jr. in February 1914 after watching him for less than an hour. Since George Jr. was only 19 at the time, Dunn had to become George's legal guardian in order to complete the contract. upon seeing George Jr. for the first time, the Orioles players referred to him as â€Å"Jack's newest babe†, and thus the most famous nickname In American sports history was born.Thereafter, George Herman Ruth Jr. was known as the Babe. The Babe performed well for Dunn and the Orioles, leading to the sale of Babe to the Boston Red Sox by Dunn. While Babe Is most known for his prodigious power as a slugger, he started his career as a pitcher, and a very go od one at that. In 1914, Babe appeared in five games for the Red Sox. pitching In four of them, He won his major league debut on July 1 1, 1914. However, due to a loaded roster, Babe was optioned to the Red Sox minor league team, the Providence Grays, where he helped lead them to he International League pennant.Babe became a permanent fixture in the Red Sox rotation In 1915, accumulating an 18-8 record with an ERA of 2. 44. He followed up his successful flrst season with a 23-12 campaign in 1916, leading the league with a 1. 75 ERA. In 1917, he went 24-13 with a 2. 01 ERA and a staggering 35 complete games in 38 starts. However, by that time, Babe had displayed enormous power In his limited plate appearances, so it was decided his bat was too good to be left out of the lineup on a dally basis. As a result. n 191 8, the transition began to turn Babe Into an everyday player.That year, he tied for the major-league lead in homeruns with 1 1, and followed that up by setting a single seas on home run record of 29 dingers in 1919. Little did he know that the 1919 season would be his last with Boston. On December 26, 1919, Babe was sold to the New York Yankees and the two teams would 1 OF2 never De tne same again. After becoming a New York Yankee, Babe's transition to a full-time outfielder became complete. Babe dominated the game, amassing numbers that had never been seen efore. He changed baseball from a grind it out style to one of power and high scoring games.He re-wrote the record books from a hitting standpoint, combining a high batting average with unbelievable power. The result was an assault on baseball's most hallowed records. In 1920, he bested the homerun record he set in 1919 by belting a staggering 54 homeruns, a season in which no other player hit more than 19 and only one team hit more than Babe did individually. But Babe wasn't done, as his 1921 season may have been the greatest in MLB history. That season, he lasted a new record of 59 homeruns, drove in 171 RBI, scored 177 runs, batted . 76 and had an unheard of . 846 slugging percentage. Babe was officially a superstar and enjoyed a popularity never seen before in professional baseball. With Babe leading the way, the Yankees became the most recognizable and dominant team in baseball, setting attendance records along the way. When the Yankees moved to a new stadium in 1923, it was appropriately dubbed â€Å"The House that Ruth Built†. Babe's mythical stature grew even more in 1927 when, as a member of â€Å"Murderer's ROW', he set a new homerun record of 60, a record that would stand for 34 years.During his time with the Yankees, Babe ignited the greatest dynasty in all of American sport. Prior to his arrival, the Yankees had never won a title of any kind. After Joining the Yankees prior to the 1920 season, Babe helped the Yankees capture seven pennants and four World Series titles. The 1927 team is still considered by many to be the greatest in baseball history. Upon re tiring from the Boston Braves in 1935, Babe held an astonishing 56 major league records at the time, including the ost revered record in baseball†¦ 714 homeruns.In 1936, the Baseball Hall of Fame was inaugurated and Babe was elected as one of its first five inductees. During the fall of 1946, it was discovered that Babe had a malignant tumor on his neck, and his health began to deteriorate quickly. On June 13, 1948, his Jersey number â€Å"3† was retired by the Yankees during his last appearance at Yankee Stadium. Babe lost his battle with cancer on August 16, 1948. His body lay in repose in Yankee Stadium, with his funeral two days later at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York. In all, over 100,000 people lined up and paid their respects to the Babe.Despite passing over 60 years ago, Babe still remains the greatest figure in major league baseball, and one of the true icons in American history. The Babe helped save baseball from the ugly Black Sox scandal, and gave hope t o millions during The Great Depression. He impacted the game in a way never seen before, or since. He continues to be the benchmark by which all other players are measured. Despite last playing nearly 75 years ago, Babe is still widely considered the greatest player in Major League Baseball history.

what are common health problems that we have today and what we should do to maintain a healthy life Essays

what are common health problems that we have today and what we should do to maintain a healthy life Essays what are common health problems that we have today and what we should do to maintain a healthy life Essay what are common health problems that we have today and what we should do to maintain a healthy life Essay The technology era brings various benefits for society members. However, it is the modern life that puts a large amount of pressures on them. They are expected to chase the time with buisiness tasks to make ends meet without relaxing. Therefore, there are numerous health problems with which the stress sufferers are obliged to face. To my mind, stress, smoking are two most common health issues that we need to keep an eye on in a careful manner. Stress is the most common health problem in the workplace. Workers and officers frequently bear a large quantity of work overloading their minds. Put it another way, they are forced to battle with a million of deadlines in order to reach the fulfilment of plans. Although stress is not considered as an irremediable disease, it is advised to notice. It is such a huge matter for those who work for a long time because they will easily show their out-of-control reactions, more serious, stress may lead to depression, heart attack and others nerve problems. Smoking is also believed to be one of the main reasons causing premature death in the world. Nowadays, more and more community members, primarily the youth, smoke cigarettes or tobacco which is now called tobacco dependence disease. They abuse them as a tool to focus more on work and reduce stress. However, smoking is harmful to health. It causes lung cancer, tuberailosis for both the smokers and the ones who breath the same air with them. Health issues make each individual find methods which maintain a healthy life. No matter what approaches we take, it basically relies on the balance between working time and entertainment time. For example, the majority of population is encouraged to get used to doing good habit such as doing exercise, eating more vegetables and stay away from the bad ones like smoking, drinking. In a nutshell, the more the world develops, the more health problems we have. However, the most important thing is how we protect our health and which ways is suitable for individual to up hold a healthy life style.

5 of the Best Cities to Find a Job in Right Now

5 of the Best Cities to Find a Job in Right Now According to experts, the economy that began to slide in 2007 hit a low in 2009 is rebounding. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported job openings nationwide now exceed the peak experienced before the recession. In fact, in June 2015, 5.2 million job opportunities were available. While the the nation as a whole is on this upswing, some cities  are ahead of the pack. That’s useful news- learning where jobs are plentiful may be useful when looking for employment.Criteria Used to Determine RecoverySix years after the official end of the recession, economic indicators show that while the nation as a whole is recovering, some cities have not kept pace. Conversely, others are experiencing a robust economy with a healthy job market. Parameters including  a lower unemployment rate since 2009, along with increased wages and an overall growth in jobs, gives some cities a better economic standing than others.Cities With the Highest Job GrowthWhile the best cities to get a job are sp read across the country, certain regions have shown growth as a whole. Four of the top cities are in Texas, three are in North Carolina and one each is in Florida, California, Utah, Iowa, Oklahoma, and Missouri. Looking at some of these cities over the period 2009 to 2012 provides a glimpse into their favorable economic picture.Texas CitiesUnemployment in Midland decreased by 35.71 percent since 2009, and average home values increased by 21.67 percent. Disposable income grew by 13.84 percent. Jobs here  are centered in the oil industry.Odessa showed a 43.4 percent decrease in unemployment along with a median home value increase of 5.87 percent, and median income here grew by 20.39 percent. Jobs in Odessa are found in mining, construction and retail services. San Angelo had a 35.48 drop in unemployment with a corresponding 11.45 percent rise in income. The medium home value here increased by 20.92 percent. Employment in San Angelo is linked to trade and transportation, health care,   jobs in education, and business service jobs. Overall, the Air Force base and schools are the top employers.Fargo, North DakotaUnemployment in this northern tier state fell by 34.48 percent, and median income grew by 18.71 percent. Median home values grew by 13.30 percent from 2009 to 2012. Top industries here include health care, education, transportation, manufacturing, and food processing. Two large employers include the state university and health care jobs with Sanford Health.Chattanooga, TennesseeThe city of Chattanooga has seen a 29.89 percent decrease in unemployment since 2009. Household income has jumped by 13.54 percent while the cost of housing has jumped by 14.04 percent. Retail sales have grown during the years 2009 to 2012.While recovery is happening in cities and towns across the country, a robust location may be a deciding factor if you’re searching for a thriving town in which to plant to your roots. Depending on your situation and ability to move, look ing at job growth from this perspective might  help you narrow (or change!) your desired industry and consider a life in a new town.Using TheJobNetwork to find your next job lets you put in criteria limiting or widening your search. Entering your qualifications, job sector and geographic location makes it possible to target the job you want in an area where jobs are plentiful. This job search platform does the rest and alerts you by email when jobs become available. Doing research into the top employers in an area and the job outlook may help you find what you need.

I need an OUTLINE done The outline needs to be about A Taste Of Honey Essay

I need an OUTLINE done The outline needs to be about A Taste Of Honey by Shelagh Delaney - Essay Example I intend to challenge the notion that we as a British Society have changed, even in the wake of liberal ,legal and social reforms. The play was written in 1958 when Divorces were a taboo, there was lesser minority representation amongst the society and single parenting was looked down upon as a religious and social offence. Gay marriages or open homosexual cohabitations were unheard of because such people were at a risk of bodily harm if their sexual orientation was made public. My thesis will focus around the life of the women (Helen and Jo)and their problems in the setting of the 1950's.From the opening of the play the focus is on the women (Helen/Jo), their problems and their attempts to cope with life. There will also be a focus on their increased hostility and dialogue structure. Jo's frustration with Helen's relationship with Peter and her loneliness is also analyzed.My aim will be to highlight Jo's interracial relationship with her black boyfriend Jimmi who she has a sexual relationship with after she feels depressed by Helens departure to a happy matrimonial life.She subsequently gets pregnant and he leaves her.She is forced to share the flat with the good natured Geoff who is also Gay.The way he gets treated when he attempts a friendly reconciliation between Jo and Helen is a reminiscent of the attitude of the society towards bisexuals in those days. There are further raci

Problem with zoo animal welfare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Problem with zoo animal welfare - Essay Example Isolating the two smaller male animals is not the solution for avoiding the others from getting the coughing and weight loss. The veterinarian enclosed the animals in the four-hectare forested area with the intentions of saving the other animals from getting the disease. At the time the two animals spent in the forested enclosure, the animals felt comfortable, out of fear and panic. This change of environment and comfort gain resulted to the increased weight and fast recovery for the animals. Consequently, the veterinarian had the misconceptions that she solved the problem and took the animals back to the display pen. Little did she know that the root cause of the coughing and weight loss was the environment by which the animals were exposed. Fear aggression refers to a famous and common class of animal feline aggression. A high percentage of llamas inherit the shy gene, which resulted to their aggression once they face frightening environments. For instance, poor socialization can result in a fear aggression where punishing the animals make the situation worse. Llamas might develop a fear of individuals, odors, certain noises, other animals, places, and end up reacting with aggression. There are several solutions for solving panic and fear in llamas. The veterinarian can check the reactive distance and the tolerance level of the llamas. For instance, the animals might be comfortable in any environment as long as the scary/frightening animal or people stay some six feet away while on the contrary reacts with panic and fear at five feet. ... Concern 2 Isolating the two smaller male animals is not the solution for avoiding the others from getting the coughing and weight loss (Tolin, 2012). The veterinarian enclosed the animals in the four-hectare forested area with the intentions of saving the other animals from getting the disease. At the time the two animals spent in the forested enclosure, the animals felt comfortable, out of fear and panic. This change of environment and comfort gain resulted to the increased weight and fast recovery for the animals (McEwan, 2006). Consequently, the veterinarian had the misconceptions that she solved the problem and took the animals back to the display pen. Little did she know that the root cause of the coughing and weight loss was the environment by which the animals were exposed. Now, what should the veterinarian do to solve the problem of panicky and fearful behavior? Fear aggression refers to a famous and common class of animal feline aggression. A high percentage of llamas inheri t the shy gene, which resulted to their aggression once they face frightening environments (Tolin, 2012). For instance, poor socialization can result to fear aggression where punishing the animals make the situation worse. Llamas might develop fear of individuals, odors, certain noises, other animals, places, and end up reacting with aggression. There are several solutions for solving panic and fear in llamas. The veterinarian can check the reactive distance and the tolerance level of the llamas. For instance, the animals might be comfortable in any environment as long as the scary/frightening animal or people stay some six feet away while on the contrary reacts with panic and fear at five feet (McEwan,

Gender Roles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Gender Roles - Essay Example This paper describes the observations of male and female actions, relationships and behaviours under the experiment held by the author. To conduct the experiment, the author puts together a small shopping list for a local convenience store that has multiple chains across the country and frequently attracts the same overall clientele. The shopping list was to provide a basic reason for his being there as well as an excuse to wander all around the store and make observations without arousing suspicion on the part of the store employees. The ‘shopping list’ also assisted with data collection in that it provided him with an easy checklist for data collection. It was necessary to visit the store two separate times in order to observe a male employee on the floor and a female employee on the floor (i.e. assisting customers). It was as important to observe both a male and a female employee at work in order to determine the role gender played in whether or not a customer would r eceive service as it was to observe the service received by male and female customers. However, because these visits were made during comparable times of the weekday, the number of customers was approximately equal and the demands on the employees’ time were also approximately equal (both had ample time to personally assist each customer that entered the store). In addition, the two employees observed were of similar age range, each appearing to be in their early 20s and both talking with customers and other employees of college issues.

17th Century Treatment of Woman in Literature Essay Example for Free

17th Century Treatment of Woman in Literature Essay By the Middle Ages, it was commonly accepted that Eve was principally to blame for the disobedience that led to the fall of humanity. Greek ideas had replaced Jewish in Christian thinking, including the notion that the soul was good but the body evil. Heretical though this might have been, it didn’t stop sexuality being regarded as somehow evil. One of the few recorded medieval women writers, the mystic Margery Kempe, aspired to celibacy even within marriage. As it becomes apparent in a few select works representing women in medieval literature, includingThe Book of Margery Kempe, Beowulf, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and Le Morte Darthur, in the middle ages or medieval period, restrictions placed on women underwent a significant change. At the beginning of this period, women’s roles were very narrowly prescribed and women did not have much to do with life outside of the home. As this age went on, however, women gradually began to express more opinions and have a greater and more equal role in society. Two earlier medieval texts, Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight offer readers two simple categories of women, those who are or are not confined. Later, with the writings of Margery Kempe, the strict duality begins to disappear and the reader is confronted with a woman who is blend of each of these ideas of women. While she is confined by her society, she is unconfined by its conventions such as marriage and traditional gender roles. In general, however, each text presents an example of a â€Å"proper† and confined woman as well as the complete opposite; almost so that the reader can see what evils can occur if a woman is not confined. The women in Beowulf, at least on first glance, might appear to be glorified waitresses and sexual objects, but their role is far more complicated than this. When it is stated in one of the important quotes from â€Å"Beowulf† that, â€Å"A queen should weave peace† As confined in a marriage, women in Beowulf are assigned the role of peace weaver, â€Å"queen and bedmateAll of the human women in Beowulf are queens and adhere to their duties as such with grace and obedience. The only exception to this model of medieval femininity is Grendel’s mother who is technically a woman but is so hideously described that the idea of gender becomes grossly distorted. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight even though it was written some years after Beowulf. In this text, the reader is first confronted with the ideal woman, Guenevere, who is confined and is serving her role as peace weaver and object for the male gaze. â€Å"the goodly queen gay in the midst/ on a dais well-decked and duly arrayed / with costly silk curtains†¦all broidered and bordered with the best gems† Chaucer’s womenAlthough women feature strongly in Chaucer’s earlier works, such as The Boke of the Duchess and Troilus and Criseyde, we only find three women on the pilgrimage described in The Canterbury Tales: * The Wife of Bath * The Prioress * ‘Another nun’ who accompanies her but is hardly mentioned again. The two principal women reflect the only ways that women at the time could achieve independence and status: in the Church or in a trade. The Wife of Bath represents those whose skills, such as weaving, gave them financial independence, though Chaucer’s character seems to have grown wealthy mainly by marrying a series of rich old men. is tempting to see the Wife as a champion of female rights, and her Tale brings out the idea that women should have maistrieover men, but the Wife is of course a character in a story written by a man. She has had five husbands, like the woman of Samariawho is challenged by Jesus (in John 4:17-18), ’withouten oother compaignye in youthe’. Her fifth husband, whom she married for love rather than riches, proved to be less compliant – and very well read. She claims to have put him in his place eventually, but Chaucer enjoys making the Wife recount (and try to refute) all the misogynistic tales with which he has assaulted her.  Women in Renaissance and after: Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the social standing and the legal and economic rights of women continued to be restrictive, limiting them to the domestic sphereDuring the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century and the resulting Catholic Counter-Reformation, the depiction of women in domestic roles became increasingly important. The social system of patriarchy matured during the early modern period, particularly during the Reformation. The concept of patriarchy involved male control over nearly all facets of society. The assigned works from the English Renaissance primarily portray women unrealistically. Despite a few exceptions, these works depict women as being idealistically beautiful, as having perfect virtue, or, conversely, as exercising hyperbolically negative traits. The few exceptions to this rule do depict women in a more realistic light. For instance, in its first six stanzas, the female speaker of John Donne’s â€Å"The Bait† praises Marlowe’s â€Å"Passionate Shepherd,† but in the final quatrain, she acknowledges how foolish she is for biting at his bait, saying, â€Å"That fish that is not catched thereby, / Alas, is wiser far than I† (1247). William Shakespeare also paints a realistic picture of a woman in Sonnet 130, debunking the florid Petrarchan conventions that elevate women’s beauty almost beyond comprehension but asserting that his mistress is â€Å"as rare† (1041) as any Petrarchan subject nonetheless. Among the male authors, Shakespeare also presents the most substantive and realistic female character of these works with Cordelia in King Lear. Although her honesty at first brings disownment and exile, she emerges as one of the few characters in the play who remain true to their convictions throughout the course of the narrative. Cordelia’s realistic portrayal is rivaled only by the highly personal poetry of the only female author assigned, Katherine Philips. In â€Å"A Married State,† Philips also debunks the popular perspective favoring of marriage, especially with its benefits for women, noting to her audience of young women that the single life yields â€Å"No blustering husbands to create your fears; / No pangs of childbirth to extort your tears; / No children’s cries for to offend your ears† (1679). Another of her poems, â€Å"On the Death of My First and Dearest Child, Hector Philips,† provides an equally realistic yet exponentially more emotional account of the uniquely maternal experience of losing a child. Despite the success of these works in presenting realistic depictions of women, they are the exceptions to the rule, as the majority of the assigned works portray women quite unrealistically. Perhaps the most common of the exaggerated portrayals addresses women’s physical beauty. Sonnet 64 of Edmund Spenser’s Amorettidescribes his subject with the inflated Petrarchan conventions satirized by Shakespeare, likening each detail of her physical appearance to a different flower, and claiming that â€Å"her sweet odour did them all excel† (866)—an obviously impossible feat. The bride of Spenser’s Epithalamion is sung as having similarly cosmic beauty, with â€Å"eyes like stars† (870) or â€Å"Saphyres shining bright† (872). In fact, Spenser describes â€Å"all her body† as â€Å"like a pallace fayre† (872) in a highly exaggerated comparison, the meaning of which almost defies interpretation. Even in a poem addressing the neo-Platonic ideal of finding virtue in beauty, Sir Philip Sidney’s Astrophil still relapses to using the common Petrarchan convention comparing Stella’s eyes to the sun in Sonnet 71 before concluding with the confession that he fails in his attempt to elevate his attention from her physical beauty to her underlying virtue. These last two works also invoke the fallacy of women as having unadulterated virtue. Again, Astrophil lauds the inherent goodness that Stella’s beauty reflects. Not only does she possess this virtue, but she also seeks to improve all with whom she comes in contact: â€Å"And not content to be Perfection’s heir / Thyself, dost strive all minds that way to move, / Who mark in thee what is in thee most fair† (926). Spenser describes one example of the flawless disposition of the bride ofEpithalamion by recounting her humility, even shyness, in the face of the adoring stares of all the guests at her wedding and the unsullied virginity she brings to her marriage bed. In another work, the virtuous Celia of Ben Jonson’s Volpone finds her faith and integrity unrewarded with an attempted affair forced upon her by her husband and a false conviction for allegedly seducing yet another man. Finally, in a highly complex simile, Donne draws a parallel between his love and â€Å"the fixed foot† (1249) of a compass in â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning. † The woman he addresses is so constant, so faithful, so flawlessly virtuous, that she is as the tool that produces the circle, the shape of perfection. Just as common as excessively positive characterizations of women are the excessively negative. Two of the assigned plays include women whose primary activity is political scheming: Goneril and Regan in King Lear and Lady Politic Would-Be in Volpone. Goneril and Regan present flattering platitudes to their father, Lear, that do not reflect their true feelings for him. In fact, after receiving their inheritances of half the kingdom each, they want nothing more to do with him and turn him out into the stormy night. Lady Politic also schemes in an effort to increase her social status, leveling false accusations of adulterous seduction against Celia in order to advance her and her husband’s own chances of inheriting Volpone’s fortune. The speaker of Donne’s â€Å"Song† might have been hurt by such women as these, for he denies the existence of any faithful and virtuous woman. If his addressee were to find a seemingly true woman, Donne laments that â€Å"Though she were true when you met her, / . . . / Yet she / Will be / False, ere I come, to two, or three† (1238). Another of Donne’s poems, â€Å"The Flea,† contains another common criticism of women: that they too often deny their suitors. The listener of this dramatic monologue, in killing the flea, casually rejects the speaker’s elaborate analogical argument for a relationship between them, and in response, the speaker insults her honor, which amounts to as much â€Å"as this flea’s death took life from thee† (1236). â€Å"The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd† also counters an elaborate argument, this one an appeal more emotional than rational. Sir Walter Ralegh’s nymph responds to each point from Marlowe’s shepherd with the argument that all his promised goods and pleasures will fade with time, including his own youth and love. This reply to a heartfelt attempt to win her love establishes the nymph as cold and self-centered, as opposed to the devoted and emotionally expressive shepherd. The speaker of Andrew Marvell’s â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† experiences a similar rejection from his intended lover. Rather than praise her beauty and virtue, he mocks them as fleeting and meaningless, respectively, saying, â€Å"Thy beauty shall no more be found, / . . . in thy marble vault . . . † (1691) and â€Å". . . then worms shall try / That long-preserved virginity, / And your quaint honor turn to dust† (1691-92). Perhaps the strongest indictments of women in these works charge them with an opposite sin: the base corruption of formerly virtuous men. Arcasia, in Spenser’s The Faerie Queene, attracts and seduces good men only to turn them into wild beasts doomed to her service. Shakespeare’s Sonnet 144 describes a similar woman, close contact with whom carries damning effects: â€Å"To win me soon to hell, my female evil / Tempteth my better angel from my side, / And would corrupt my saint to be a devil† (1042). The most â€Å"accomplished† female corrupter of these works affects not only the man in her life but all of humankind. John Milton’s Eve, after ignoring the counsel of her wiser husband, inflicts sin upon all her descendents as a result of her inferior reason, virtue, and faith—according to Adam and Milton. The sinful history of humanity to follow owes itself to the weakness of a woman. The enormity of this last example typifies how the unrealistically exaggerated portrayals of women in English Renaissance literature far outweigh the few examples of more realistic and moderate depictions. This subject culminates in the image of Miltons Eve in the epic poem Paradise Lost. Although Miltons Eve comes, in the mid-seventeenth century, at the end of the Renaissance in England, her image builds upon, and perpetuates, Renaissance antifeminist commonplaces, while it also questions and undermines them. Milton emphasizes Eves subordinate position in his description of Adam and Eve in Book 4: For contemplation he and valor formed, /For softness she and sweet attractive grace; /He for God only, she for God in him (11. 296-299). Eve herself articulates and generalizes that subservience: God is thy Law, thou mine; to know no more/Is womans happiest knowledge and her praise (11. 638-639). When she rebels against her secondary position, she separates herself from Adam in their Edenic tasks and thus is vulnerable to Satans temptations. When the Renaissance in England was at its height, in Edmund Spensers Elizabethan world, the great epic poet of the 1590s presents images of women that contrast with the shadowy or negative women of Miltons epic poem. While antifeminist views of female nature are embodied in the allegorical Error in Book 1 of Spensers The Faerie Queene, other females throughout the epic serve to celebrate women. In part because Spensers poem was written in praise of his own Queen Elizabeth, the positive images of women range widely. They include the gentle, yet forceful, Una, whose cry, Fie, fie, faint harted knight (1. x. 465) shocks the feeble Redcrosse Knight into action against the temptations of Despair. In the third book of The Faerie Queene, the virtue of Chastity is exemplified through the woman warrior Britomart. In this portrait, Spenser tells Queen Elizabeth that he is disguising praise of her, his own queen, since explicit celebration would be inadequate: But O dred Soveraine/ Thus farre forth pardon, sith that choicest wit/ Cannot your glorious pourtraict figure plaine/ That I in colourd showes may shadow it,/ And antique praises unto present persons fit (3. . 23-27). Throughout her reign, Queen Elizabeth provided a strong, positive image of a woman, through which poets from Peeles play, The Arraignment of Paris, through William Shakespeares Henry VI, Part 3 found opportunities to create dominant roles for woman. Yet Queen Elizabeth herself perpetuated some of the misogynist stereotypes that haunted her at her accession in 1558, in such tracts as John Knoxs Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women. Queen Elizabeth ruled through her own alienation from her womanliness. She ruled as the Virgin Queen, continuing the idea of chastity as the norm and replacing in her still newly Protestant country the lost ideal of the Virgin Mary. The artifice of her costuming and the artfulness of her speeches both contributed to her power. During Elizabeths reign from 1558 to 1603, positive images of women include the female characters of Shakespeares comedies, like Rosalind of As You Like It and Beatrice of Much Ado about Nothing. After James Is accession, however, the Jacobean theater explored female characters who achieved tragic, heroic stature, like John Websters The Duchess of Malfi. In her closet drama, The Tragedy of Mariam, Elizabeth Cary explored the dilemmas facing strong women. In addition, in this later period of the Renaissance, such women writers as Elizabeth Grymeston, the author of the Miscelanea; Lady Mary Wroth, the author of the poetry and prose epic romance Urania; and Amelia Lanier, the author of a poetic defense of Eve, became creators of rich images of women, which we are only now beginning to recover.

The Minimum Wage Should Not Be Increased :: Argumentative Essay, Minimum Wage Essays

â€Å"An increase in the minimum wage will boost income for the poorest workers without the danger of creating more unemployment.†, stated President Obama in September 2014. Is this statement about an increase in minimum wage really true? There are two sides to the debate about minimum wage. The minimum wage is a major issue in the world of economics and politics. Political figures often prey on the public’s general ignorance of economics and promise to increase the minimum wage. Economists, on the other hand, view the long term effects and see the damage it can cause. David Card and Alan Kruegur, two economists at Princeton University conducted a study on New Jersey’s 18% minimum wage increase. They looked the impact on the New Jersey economy and compared the results to the state of Pennsylvania which did not make any change in the minimum wage during the period of the study.. David Card and Alan Kruegur measured the change in employment in New Jersey’s fast–food restaurants between February and December that year. Card and Kruegur found that the number of jobs grew in restaurants where pay had to rise, compared with those already paying more than minimum was and compared with restaurants in neighboring Pennsylvania, where the minimum did not change. The study also found no difference between high- and low- wage states. Most people would be delighted to here the above. They would receive more money and their standard of living would increase. But most people do not take into account the negative side effects of increasing the minimum wage. The survey taken by Card and Kruegur was done over the telephone. Fellow economists charge that the questions were vague and errors crept into the numbers. Another study was done using the businesses payrolls found that New Jersey fared far worse than Pennsylvania. Positive effects of the minimum wage can be the obvious; more money for people. They would have more money to spend , the economy would boom and everyone would be happy. Not so; in fact, this would only encourage inflation and increase prices. Money become lesser in value and producers would have no choice but to raise prices in order to make profit. Another negative aspect of raising the minimum wage is unemployment rising. Supply of workers would exceed the demand for workers.

Marriage-Comparison Essay

Marriage, the union of two people, is satirically presented by Evelyn Waugh in the novel ‘A Handful of Dust’ and by Edward Albee in the play ‘Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?’ Both authors adopt a chilling approach to demonstrate the endemic of negative attitudes and pressures of 1930’s London and 1960’s American society placed on to moral institutions such as marriage, with the central protagonists exposed under a powerful ‘microscope’ to reveal the detrimental effects of society. Albee illustrates the emotional strains inflicted on to individuals and couples aspiring to the American Dream and more importantly the result of failing a dream that is unreachable by the majority. In Albee’s play, George and Martha are metaphysically exposed to the ‘peeling away’ of the illusion that surrounds their marriage to reveal the ‘murky opaque depths’ of reality. Waugh on the other hand shows the corrupt and barbaric upper class London society at the time of the Great Industrial Depression, evoking a story of Tony and his manipulative, ‘cat like’ wife Brenda’s failing marriage, and that of the culture and civilisation Waugh so admired. Both Albee and Waugh employ the use of irony in their chosen settings. In ‘Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?’ as ‘large, boisterous’ Martha turns on the light the audience are subjected to an emotional battlefield. Set in a success driven university campus which is a microcosm of society, it is soon made clear it is not a place of learning, achievement and sophisticated culture, one of lust, deceptions and sadness, a place where ‘musical beds is the faculty sport’. People like Martha are motivated by greed and self interest; this indicates the threat of America being New Carthage, destroyed not by another country but by internal corruption and spiritual emptiness, as George reads from ‘The Decline of the West,’ Albee’s Cold War subtext is clear. In contrast Waugh gently eases the reader in to the amicable setting of rural England, with an absence of ‘harsh words’ and ‘scenes of domestic playfulness’ between the Last’s, indicating an external picture of a content marriage. The setting is an extended metaphor of their marriage. Set in Hetton Abbey, named after Arthurian Legend, indicates their marriage is similarly illusionary. With irony, Brenda is appropriately placed in to the bedroom, Guinevere, wife of King Arthur burnt for adultery; this gives the reader an ominous feel from the outset about the subsequent events. The novel depicts Tony’s love for the ancestral, primogeniture home, which like his marriage is ‘devoid of interest.’ Tony is trapped by the ‘huge and quite hideous house’ as Brenda is in the marriage, suggested by Waugh’s use of death imagery used when describing the house ‘like a tomb.’ The ‘damp had penetrated in to one corner’ further indicates the internal decay of the Last’s ‘not in perfect repair’ marriage. The fact Brenda resents Hetton as she has moved there and left her family home- ‘I shouldn’t feel so badly about it if it were a really lovely house- like my house for instance,’ quickly weaves a negative undercurrent to their apparent happiness. Illusions versus reality feature in the marriages in both Waugh’s and Albee’s works. In ‘Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?’ George and Martha’s illusionary son provides escapism, acting as a ‘bean bag’ cushioning their tempestuous, ‘crushing’ marriage from reality. However as the son has been talked about the illusion has become reality too the extreme that the illusion now controls them. The son highlights the pretentious society in which George and Martha live, forced to create a son to fill societies illusions of perfection. The son is for Martha to feel she has fulfilled her role as a woman. However the ‘child’ is not only a desire for fecundity within their relationship but also a projection through which they expose their personal desires, needs and problems. Ironically the son that was supposed to bring the couple closer has become a reason to fight being used as a tool to undermine one another. By ‘killing the son,’ George is realising that the illusion has become out of control, Martha has broke the ‘rules’ by telling Nick and Honey, the ‘pawns’ in their games. The ‘child’s’ death signifies a milestone in their understanding of marriage, George no longer has to compromise his world of reality and Martha is no longer in danger of losing herself in a world of ‘Ilyria’. Symbolically this happens the day before the child would turn 21. Through the child, Albee as an absurdist is illustrating his view that a life of illusion was wrong because it created a false content for life. George and Martha’s empty marriage can clearly only survive if they abandon their illusions. Nick also embodies the illusion in ‘Who’s afraid of Virginia Woolf.’ Nick represents the Arian race with his ‘blondie’ hair and blue eyes are initially seen as†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ However his marriage to the slim- hipped ‘mouse’ is based upon pretence as the child they married for was only a phantom pregnancy. Added to this monetary gain, just as in the Polly Cockpurse of Waugh’s Belgravia, lies at the core of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Waugh’s ‘A Handful of Dust’ similarly is based on illusion. The barbaric characters and emotionless buildings provide the reader with an external falsity. Mrs Beaver represents the destructive forces of modernity with her suggestion of ‘chromium plating.’ Mrs Beaver’s character conflicts with Tony’s as she destroys old buildings, Tony clings to every ‘glazed brick or encaustic tile’ at Hetton. Tony’s nostalgic ‘feudal’ nature is arguably one of he main reasons for the breakdown of his marriage. Described as ‘stiff white collar’ suggests he has a refusal to change and ironically at the end is left reading Dickens showing inevitable he is stuck in the past. Tony has been blinded by Hetton which provides him with ‘constant delight and exultation,’ however is ‘formerly one of the notable houses of the country’ and not in ‘perfect repair’ therefore ‘dev oid of interest’ to anyone except Tony. Romanticism dominates through Tony, his search for ideals that his parents possessed ‘inseparable in Guinevere’ are unattainable by Tony. Similarly George and Martha can not reach the ideals set by the American dream. George is symbolic of the past who simply ‘sift(s) everything’ plunging him in to a world of history which is as important to him as Tony’s ‘shining city.’ He is a ‘bog in the history department’ unable to compete with the ‘direct threat’ imposed by ‘well- put- together’ Nick who represents ‘the new wave of the future.’ As a scientist he signifies clinical facts and evidence; he is emotionless like his marriage. At ‘twenty eight’ Nick is successful and a high achiever unlike George at ‘fifty something’ who is still ‘in the History department’ and only ran it ‘for four years, while the war was on, but that was because everyone was away.’ Albee seeks to emphasise the sense of alienation, in modern men. George thus attacks the decay of individualism: ‘You’re the one who’s going to make all that trouble†¦making everyone the same.’ History presents a cynical view, George prophesises as he reads out ‘the west must†¦eventually fall’ materialism dominates over culture resulting in sterile intellectualism. However George bares one key element that Tony realisation does not. George recognises the flaws in his ‘dump’ of a marriage whereas Tony similar to Honey is blinded and does not grasp the ‘sad, sad, sad’ truth embodying his marriage. Tony refuses to accept how ‘warped and separated’ he and Brenda have become. The illusion of George and Martha’s marriage is portrayed through language, for when language stops reality exists. George and Martha’s continual battle of incessant banter and ‘total war’ masks a more sinister and damaging reality and therefore, their fear of silence. Truth is shown through non verbal, theatrical devices ‘throwing flowers’ and the use of a toy gun, creating desperate humour through deep anxiety and expectations. Speech is used to gain power and control in order to deceive others. Ironically George comments ‘Martha’s a devil with language’ showing she is manipulative with her acerbic speech and has dominance in the relationship, ‘(Martha) wears the pants in this marriage because someone has to.’ This use of clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s shows a loss of capacity to speak the truth, ‘Your in a straight line†¦.and it doesn’t lead anywhere†¦.except maybe the grave’ underlined by t he root of terror in the play, the notion of life being meaningless. The regressive language is symbolic of the Martha and George being trapped by their childhoods and therefore they acquire attacking roles in a childish manner. However in contrast the callous Martha uses beautiful language when talking about their child, ‘And his eyes were green†¦green with†¦if u peered so deep in to them†¦so deep†¦bronze†¦bronze parentheses around the irises†¦such green eyes’ showing that when sincerity and love exists the aggressive language stops. At the end the simple, basic language, stripped of all metaphors and clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s reflects the simple, basic reality that George and Martha now face. In contrast to Albee’s use of vibrant and destructive language, in ‘A Handful of Dust’ conventional, banal and ordinary language dominates. Similarly to George and Martha, Brenda and Tony are shown in scenes of childlike playfulness. The alphabet diet is cute and endearing, but has an underlying tension as they are confined by the constraints the diet creates. The emptiness of the emotionless, large dining room they dine in which ‘even today mild elsewhere, it was bitterly cold in the dining hall’ further shows a lack of warmth between characters. The reader’s first encounter of the Lasts boosts a content marriage ‘While he ate breakfast Brenda read to him from the papers’ however the reader is aware of the negative undertones of the monotonous marriage ‘These scenes of domestic playfulness had been more or less continuous in Tony and Brenda’s life for seven years.’ Waugh stylistically and subtly reveals problems through his use of setting ‘There seemed to be no way of securing an even temperature in that room.’ The reader is also lead to question the stab ility of the Lasts marriage through Mrs Beaver comments ‘everyone thought (Brenda) would marry Jock,’ and ‘(Tony’s) a prig. I should say it was time that she began to be bored.’ George and Martha, the quintessentially dysfunctional couple are emotionally trapped by their respective childhoods, as a consequence they both are exposed to low self image and esteem. The history of the couples past is slowly revealed by Albee to the audience. Martha tells Nick and Honey in Act One that her mother died when she was young and she became very close to her father, she married briefly but her father had the marriage annulled. After college she fell in love with George which she thought would please her father. However George is not the high achiever that would satisfy her father. Martha is a lost ‘Daddy’s girl’ who hasn’t left behind the prospect of his unconditional love. George is also revealed to have had a troubled childhood. The revealed plot of his failed novel where a teenager kills both his parents is later publicised by Martha that George was in fact the teenager in his novel. Although the audience doesn’t know whether this is true it does explain George’s guilt about his parents. Albee is suggesting through these parental bonds that human relationships stem from human vulnerability. In ‘A Handful of Dust’ parental roles do not strive in adultous ‘fashionable’ London. Brenda and Tony are ineffectual as parents and as John Andrew reveals he prefers the groom ‘Ben far more.’ Waugh uses John Andrew as a satirical tool to expose the falsity of upper class society. He also reveals Tony’s ineffectualness in disciplining his son and the emotionless Brenda as a direct contrast to Jenny Abdul Akbar who John Andrew is ‘infatuated’ by the attention she provides him with. John Andrew’s death acts as a watershed in the novel. For Brenda the death symbolises her last link with Tony and a chance to escape the world she is trapped by and ironically highlights Tony misjudgement as he does not ‘know Brenda so well’. As Brenda ‘burst in to tears’ this is arguably the realisation that she has thought of John Beaver over her own son and goes to the extremes of immorality of ‘Oh thank God ’ when she is told her son has died, not a reaction expected from a mother that has been told her son has died. The death simply signifies the end of the Lasts marriage ‘Don’t you see Tony, its all over.’ Brenda with her manipulative, ‘cat like’ ways who utilises her female charms to her full advantage and is arguably more responsible for the breakdown of her marriage. As she applies her make up it acts as a symbolic ‘mask’ to cover up the reality of the deceit. In order to get her flat she ‘sat close to Tony on the sofa and ate some sugar out of his cup’ and ‘rubbed against his cheek in the way she had,’ this seductive way highlights the weakness of men. By getting the flat Tony is compromising the repairs he wants to make to Hetton. On the other hand Waugh suggests that it is Tony that it is pushing Brenda in to a society of adultery. Portrayed as an ‘imprisoned princess’ in a castle as though a character in a fairytale, Brenda is frustrated by her limited role and Beaver acts as a lifeline to get her out of the ‘big house.’ She is clearly eager for information of London and ‘jokes that have been going around for six weeks.’ Brenda however stays in control of the marital breakdown. The letter that Brenda leaves is merely a pencil note showing her lack of commitment and respect for Tony. The pencil is symbolic of the marital vows that can easily be erased and irretrievable like death vows ‘Ashes to ashes, dust to dust.’ Waugh uses Tony’s search for a ‘hidden city’ to show Tony’s transition from one period of his life to another. Similarly Brenda moves to London in search of a new chapter in her life. Although we can argue that Tony’s decision to go on the exploration shows courage and strength, someone else has planned the trip therefore it is ineffectual. His journey to enlightenment is made in intellectual darkness symbolically leading to his worst nightmare. Added to this the fever he acquires on his journey is representive of his whole life being a grotesque hallucination. Tony ‘had a clear picture in his mind’ that the city he was searching for would be like a ‘transfigured Hetton’ illustrating that Tony is still trapped in the past, inspiring pathos from the reader. When Tony is faced with the harsh reality of life, his real world is destroyed. Romanticism can not save Tony from reality, it is not a refuge and cannot save a near innocent man from being sacrificed because of his complacency. Arguable through a number of short scenes in the jungle and London, Waugh is trying to show similarities of the two settings ‘her ladyship has gone to live in Brazil’ both uncivilised worlds are ‘oceans apart’ yet are both uncivilised and animalistic, inhabited by ‘savages’. Religion is an occurring theme in both Albee’s play and Waugh novel. Albee uses blasphemy ‘Goddam’ at both the start and end of act one. The audience may not be surprised at this language in the godless environment we are introduced however we are more concerned about Martha’s comment that she was an atheist at school and furthermore the uncertainty of whether she still is. Marriage as a religious bond makes the audience doubt the importance of religion when presented with a ‘sewer’ of a marriage. Religion is represented through Honeys father although it is corrupted by the mention of him having money which further questions Nicks motives for marrying Honey. At the end of the play the mystery of religion begins when language ends through the use of ‘Jesus Christ.’ Injuxtaposition Waugh makes little references to religion. Tony attends church on Sundays from which he gained ‘great satisfaction.’ ‘On days of exceptional clearness, the spires of six churches’ could be seen from Hetton instigating that it is Tony who includes religion in to his life not Brenda. Hetton is a city of romantism and fantasy rather than a city of God. Animal imagery is referred to in both texts, to emphasise the moral crudity of events taking place. As Nick ‘mount(s) (Martha) like a goddam dog’ in order to gain status, it shows the need to succeed overcomes morality. Martha an ‘earth mother’ is tolerant of the ‘lunk heads’ who strive for promotion using her in ‘totally pointless infidelities.’ Waugh however uses animal imagery to further his satirical approach and emphasise the farcical characters. Polly Cockpurse is referred to as being similar to a ‘monkey’ by John Andrew. Money orientated, she is a predator only acting for her own interests, after rich men for their money. Mrs Beaver similarly extends the satirical animal imagery by suggesting she like a beaver, digging for gossip. Both of these characters are deliberately ridiculous, highlighting the absurdity of the glamorous Belgravia backdrop in which these people are created. Similarly Waugh uses pathetic fallacy to emphasise characters’ emotions and relationships. Directly after commenting on the Lasts’ marriage, Waugh makes references to the weather around Hetton ‘mist in the hollows and pale sunshine on the hills†¦..the undergrowth was wet, dark in the shadows’ which directly suggests an ominous feel surrounding the Lasts’ marriage. When Tony goes ‘In search of a city,’ Waugh is suggesting that similar to the waves, Tony is ‘plunging†¦in to the black depths.’ In the same way ‘the sky- over head was neutral and steely with swollen clouds’ symbolically showing that Tony is ‘exposed’ in a world that is unclear. However when Tony has a liaison with Thà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½se de Vitrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ there was ‘A week of blue water that grew clearer and more tranquil daily, of sun that grew warmer’ presents the idea that Tony is happy although with no clear blue skies he is vulnerable and ‘lost.’ Likewise as Thà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½se de Vitrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ ‘said goodbye to Tony’ the ‘Blue water came to an end’ and ‘rain fell continuously’ showing Tony’s emotions are as changeable as the weather. The ‘light breeze’ and ‘brilliant, cool sunshine’ at Tony’s funeral represents that the turbulent emotions have come to an end. In one ‘liquor ridden night’ Martha and George have been forced to face their worst fears. As Martha ‘chews on her ice cubes’ the faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade in which surrounds there marriage has been chipped away leaving inner truth and emotion that has previously been undisclosed. In the closing scene to the play, the audience endure a feeling of pathos for Martha and George, encouraged by the pace of the dialogue slowing down and the decrease in volume allowing the audience to reflect. The final images are of George and Martha left ‘just us’ in a state of unity. George sings at the end ‘Who’s afraid of Virginia Woolf?’ and Martha replies ‘I am.’ As the song represents being scared of life without illusion this response shows Martha is scared of a life of reality. In contrast ‘A Handful of Dust’ ends with a change of owner and the ending of the regime of tradition at Hetton that controlled Tony symbolising the end of Brenda and Tony’s tumultuous marriage. I agree with Rosa Flannery who suggests the breeding of silver foxes is ‘representative of the new breed of savages that roam England,’ Waugh is presenting a landscape of deceit and greed which prevails in a materialistic world; ‘They lived in pairs; some were moderately tame but it was unwise to rely upon them.’ It is not without sharp irony that Brenda survives, whilst Tony languishes in a†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. In both texts the marriages presented are encapsulated by society’s expectations that they are blinded by illusion. When faced with reality Martha and George can unite, however Tony and Brenda Lasts marriage is as unsubstantial as ‘A Handful of Dust.’